Original Investigation
January 29, 2025
Benzodiazepine-Free Cardiac Anesthesia for Reduction of Postoperative Delirium: A Cluster Randomized Crossover Trial
Jessica Spence, P. J. Devereaux, Shun-Fu Lee, et al
JAMA Surg. Published online January 29, 2025
doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2024.6602
Question Does an institutional policy restricting benzodiazepines during cardiac anesthesia reduce the incidence of postoperative delirium?
Findings In this cluster randomized crossover trial including 19 768 patients at 20 hospitals, there was no statistically significant difference in delirium when comparing restrictive with liberal benzodiazepine administration. No patients reported intraoperative awareness.
Meaning At the institutional level, both liberal and restrictive approaches to intraoperative benzodiazepine administration for cardiac anesthesia may be considered; research is required to determine whether restricting intraoperative benzodiazepines at the patient level can reduce the incidence of postoperative delirium.
Abstract
Importance Delirium is common after cardiac surgery and associated with adverse outcomes. Intraoperative benzodiazepines may increase postoperative delirium but restricting intraoperative benzodiazepines has not yet been evaluated in a randomized trial.
Objective To determine whether an institutional policy of restricted intraoperative benzodiazepine administration reduced the incidence of postoperative delirium.
Design, Setting, and Participants This pragmatic, multiperiod, patient- and assessor-blinded, cluster randomized crossover trial took place at 20 North American cardiac surgical centers. All adults undergoing open cardiac surgery at participating centers during the trial period were included through a waiver of individual patient consent between November 2019 and December 2022.
Intervention Institutional policies of restrictive vs liberal intraoperative benzodiazepine administration were compared. Hospitals (clusters) were randomized to cross between the restricted and liberal benzodiazepine policies 12 to 18 times over 4-week periods.
Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was the incidence of delirium within 72 hours of surgery as detected in routine clinical care, using either the Confusion Assessment Method–Intensive Care Unit or the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist. Intraoperative awareness by patient report was assessed as an adverse event.
Results During the trial, 19 768 patients (mean [SD] age, 65 [12] years; 14 528 [73.5%] male) underwent cardiac surgery, 9827 during restricted benzodiazepine periods and 9941 during liberal benzodiazepine periods. During restricted periods, clinicians adhered to assigned policy in 8928 patients (90.9%), compared to 9268 patients (93.2%) during liberal periods. Delirium occurred in 1373 patients (14.0%) during restricted periods and 1485 (14.9%) during liberal periods (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.92; 95% CI, 0.84-1.01; P = .07). No patient spontaneously reported intraoperative awareness.
Conclusions and Relevance In intention-to-treat analyses, restricting benzodiazepines during cardiac surgery did not reduce delirium incidence but was also not associated with an increase in the incidence of patient-reported intraoperative awareness. Given that smaller effect sizes cannot be ruled out, restriction of benzodiazepines during cardiac surgery may be considered. Research is required to determine whether restricting intraoperative benzodiazepines at the patient level can reduce the incidence of postoperative delirium.
Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03928236
