Original Investigation 

Caring for the Critically Ill Patient

March 19, 2024

Individualized Treatment Effects of Oxygen Targets in Mechanically Ventilated Critically Ill Adults

Kevin G. Buell, Alexandra B. Spicer, Jonathan D. Casey, et al

JAMA. Published online March 19, 2024. doi:10.1001/jama.2024.2933

Key Points

Question  Among critically ill adults, do the effects of peripheral oxygen-saturation (Spo₂) targets on outcomes differ based on an individual’s characteristics?

Findings  A machine learning model derived in one randomized trial and validated in another found that the predicted effect of lower vs higher Spo₂ targets ranged from a 27% absolute reduction to a 34% absolute increase in 28-day mortality and differed significantly based on an individual’s characteristics.

Meaning  The effect of oxygen-saturation targets on mortality varied by patients’ individual characteristics.

Abstract

Importance  Among critically ill adults, randomized trials have not found oxygenation targets to affect outcomes overall. Whether the effects of oxygenation targets differ based on an individual’s characteristics is unknown.

Objective  To determine whether an individual’s characteristics modify the effect of lower vs higher peripheral oxygenation-saturation (Spo₂) targets on mortality.

Design, Setting, and Participants  A machine learning model to predict the effect of treatment with a lower vs higher Spo₂ target on mortality for individual patients was derived in the Pragmatic Investigation of Optimal Oxygen Targets (PILOT) trial and externally validated in the Intensive Care Unit Randomized Trial Comparing Two Approaches to Oxygen Therapy (ICU-ROX) trial. Critically ill adults received invasive mechanical ventilation in an intensive care unit (ICU) in the United States between July 2018 and August 2021 for PILOT (n = 1682) and in 21 ICUs in Australia and New Zealand between September 2015 and May 2018 for ICU-ROX (n = 965).

Exposures  Randomization to a lower vs higher Spo₂ target group.

Main Outcome and Measure  28-Day mortality.

Results  In the ICU-ROX validation cohort, the predicted effect of treatment with a lower vs higher Spo₂ target for individual patients ranged from a 27.2% absolute reduction to a 34.4% absolute increase in 28-day mortality. For example, patients predicted to benefit from a lower Spo₂ target had a higher prevalence of acute brain injury, whereas patients predicted to benefit from a higher Spo₂ target had a higher prevalence of sepsis and abnormally elevated vital signs. Patients predicted to benefit from a lower Spo₂ target experienced lower mortality when randomized to the lower Spo₂ group, whereas patients predicted to benefit from a higher Spo₂ target experienced lower mortality when randomized to the higher Spo₂ group (likelihood ratio test for effect modification P = .02). The use of a Spo₂ target predicted to be best for each patient, instead of the randomized Spo₂ target, would have reduced the absolute overall mortality by 6.4% (95% CI, 1.9%-10.9%).

Conclusion and relevance  Oxygenation targets that are individualized using machine learning analyses of randomized trials may reduce mortality for critically ill adults. A prospective trial evaluating the use of individualized oxygenation targets is needed.