Basics of Volumetric Capnography ‑ Part 2: Single Beath CO2 Analysis Anatomical dead space, alveolar dead space, and CO2 elimination: Learn how they can give you an insight into the patient's lung condition. Single breath CO2 analysis: insight into the patient‘s lung condition The volumetric capnogram can also be divided into three areas: Area X ‑ CO2 elimination Area Y ‑ Alveolar dead space Area Z ‑ Anatomical dead space The size of the areas, ...

Guide to Statistics and Methods  Surgical Education Research January 3, 2024 Practical Guide to Common Flaws With Surgical Education Research Dimitrios Stefanidis, Laura Torbeck, Amy H. Kaji JAMA Surg. Published online January 3, 2024. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2023.6675 Introduction Over the past 2 decades, surgical education literature has seen tremendous growth driven by changes in graduate medical education,...

Why Should We Be Measuring Ionized Magnesium? Magnesium in the Human Body Magnesium (Mg) is the 4th most abundant cation in the human body. The majority of it is found intracellularly, more than half in bone, about a third in muscle, and the remaining in soft tissue and extracellular fluid (Figure 1). Magnesium is found in the diet from a variety of sources: green leafy vegetables (Mg is found in chlorophyll), nuts and seeds, fruits, yogurt, and unrefined grains suc...

ORIGINAL ARTICLE Baricitinib plus Remdesivir for Hospitalized Adults with Covid-19 Andre C. Kalil, Thomas F. Patterson, Aneesh K. Mehta, et al N Engl J Med December 11, 2020DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2031994 Abstract BACKGROUND Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is associated with dysregulated inflammation. The effects of combination treatment with baricitinib, a Janus kinase inhibitor, plus remdesivir are not known. METHODS We conducted a dou...

Osmolar gap The osmolar gap is a diagnostic tool which can help identify the presence of some foreign solute in the body fluids. In the CICM fellowship SAQs, it mostly identifies young women who have ingested a toxic alcohol. Specific questions of this sort include the following examples: Question 7.2 from the first paper of 2014 - HAGMA, high osmolar gapQuestion 7.3 from the first paper of 2014 - HAGMA, normal osmolar gapQuestion 25.2 from the sec...

Urinary electrolytes and the urinary anion gap Urinary anion gap The urinary anion gap is extensively explored in the chapter on the diagnosis of renal tubular acidosis. Its role in the SAQs has been limited to the diagnosis of renal tubular acidosis (i.e where it is used to discriminate between renal and non-renal causes of a normal anion gap acidosis, such as in Question 3.4  from the second paperof 2013). In brief: Urinary anion gap...

The delta gap and delta ratio, advantages and disadvantages The delta ratio (or the equivalent delta gap) are diagnostic and analytical tools used to determine the contribution from extra anions to the acidaemia of any given acidosis. A much more detailed overview of the delta ratio is available in a dedicated chapter from the Acid-Base Disturbances series. Even though the calculation of a delta ratio is expected in every ABG interpretation que...

Can we measure Plateau pressure during pressure support? And what does it indicate? Alice Grassi, M.D.Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, University Health Network, Toronto School of Medicine, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy from https://coemv.ca/can-we-measure-plateau-pressure-during-pressure-support-and-what-does-it-indicate/ Pressure Support Ventilation is one of the most commonly used modes of assisted ventilation during the weaning phase....

The anion gap, advantages and disadvantages A calculation of the anion gap is an essential part of practically every ABG interpretation question in the CICM fellowship exam. A profound understanding of the anion gap as a diagnostic tool is not an essential part of answering those questions. Only a crude workmanlike grasp is called for. In brief: The anion gap is (Na+ + K+) - (Cl- + HCO3-).The use of potassium in the calculation is thought...

Base excess and standard base excess Trainees were called upon to define these basic terms in Question 9 from the second paper of 2006. Since then, this topic has remained submerged for almost ten years, reappearing again in Question 4.3 from the first paper of 2016. It may now be lost again for another ten years. However, the issue remains interesting. The "Base Excess" is the amount of acid or base required to titrate a blood sample (of whole...