Sex and Gender Differences in Intensive Care In recent years, there has been a growing focus on recognising sex and gender differences in diagnosis, clinical care, and outcomes. Several landmark publications have highlighted how women often receive unequal treatment compared to men, leading to worse outcomes. Historically, there has been a significant oversight in research when it comes to considering sex differences. Women have been underrepresented in clinical...

ORIGINAL RESEARCH|ARTICLES IN PRESS Low- Versus Conventional-Dose Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Treatment for Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Non-Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients: A Multi-Center, Retrospective Observational Cohort Study Tatsuya Nagai, Hiroki Matsui, Haruka Fujioka, et al Chest Open AccessPublished:August 10, 2023 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2023.08.009 Abstract Background Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is an e...

Original Investigation  October 24/31, 2023 Traditional Chinese Medicine Compound (Tongxinluo) and Clinical Outcomes of Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction: The CTS-AMI Randomized Clinical Trial Yuejin Yang, Xiangdong Li, Guihao Chen, et al JAMA. 2023;330(16):1534-1545. doi:10.1001/jama.2023.19524 Key Points Question  Among patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), does the addition of a tradit...

Original Investigation  September 19, 2023 Treatment Failure and Adverse Events After Amoxicillin-Clavulanate vs Amoxicillin for Pediatric Acute Sinusitis Timothy J. Savage, Matthew P. Kronman, Sushama Kattinakere Sreedhara, et al JAMA. 2023;330(11):1064-1073. doi:10.1001/jama.2023.15503 Key Points Question  For pediatric acute sinusitis, is amoxicillin-clavulanate associated with different rates of treatment failure or adverse e...

Triage Procedures for Critical Care Resources During the COVID-19 pandemic, several states in the U.S. used pandemic preparedness plans to guide the allocation of critical resources in times of crisis. These state-specific plans varied in the factors used to triage patients. Some encountered significant scrutiny from advocacy groups due to concerns about potential discrimination. A study assessed the role of comorbidities and long-term prognosis in state triage ...

Review  October 18, 2023 Defining a High-Quality and Effective Morbidity and Mortality Conference: A Systematic Review Brendin R. Beaulieu-Jones, Spencer Wilson, Daniel S. Howard, et al JAMA Surg. Published online October 18, 2023. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2023.4672 Key Points Question  What format, design, and other attributes of a morbidity and mortality conference (MMC) appear to best advance its stated objectives related to quali...

CHEST INFECTIONS: ORIGINAL RESEARCH| VOLUME 164, ISSUE 3, P625-636, SEPTEMBER 2023 Valaciclovir for Epstein-Barr Virus Suppression in Moderate-to-Severe COPD: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial Dermot A. Linden, Hong Guo-Parke, Michael C. McKelvey, et al Chest 2023; 164: 625-636 Open Access Published:March 31, 2023 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2023.03.040 Background Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) frequently is measured at high levels in ...

Thiamine for Renal Protection in Septic Shock Kidney injury frequently occurs in patients with septic shock and is linked to worse clinical outcomes. Administering thiamine (vitamin B1) as part of a mitochondrial resuscitation strategy might help mitigate septic kidney injury. Thiamine is crucial for aerobic respiration, and thiamine can lead to organ dysfunction. Because the kidney contains a high concentration of mitochondria and relies on thiamine for mitocho...

ORIGINAL ARTICLE Trial of Vancomycin and Cefazolin as Surgical Prophylaxis in Arthroplasty Trisha N. Peel, Sarah Astbury, Allen C. Cheng, et al N Engl J Med 2023; 389:1488-1498DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2301401 Abstract BACKGROUND The addition of vancomycin to beta-lactam prophylaxis in arthroplasty may reduce surgical-site infections; however, the efficacy and safety are unclear. METHODS In this multicenter, double-blind, superiority, placebo-controlled t...

Research Venous thromboembolism with use of hormonal contraception and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: nationwide cohort study Amani Meaidi, Annamaria Mascolo, Maurizio Sessa, et al BMJ 2023; 382 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2022-074450 (Published 06 September 2023)Cite this as: BMJ 2023;382:e074450 Abstract Objective To study the influence of concomitant use of hormonal contraception and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on the...