{"id":28963,"date":"2025-09-27T04:10:00","date_gmt":"2025-09-26T20:10:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/?p=28963"},"modified":"2025-09-27T20:12:29","modified_gmt":"2025-09-27T12:12:29","slug":"lancet-infect-dis%e5%8f%91%e8%a1%a8%e8%ae%ba%e6%96%87%ef%bc%9a%e7%be%8e%e5%9b%bd%e9%80%80%e4%bc%8d%e5%86%9b%e4%ba%ba%e6%96%b0%e5%86%a0%e7%97%85%e6%af%92%e6%a3%80%e6%b5%8b%e9%98%b3%e6%80%a7%e4%b8%8e","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/?p=28963","title":{"rendered":"[Lancet Infect Dis\u53d1\u8868\u8bba\u6587]\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u9000\u4f0d\u519b\u4eba\u65b0\u51a0\u75c5\u6bd2\u68c0\u6d4b\u9633\u6027\u4e0e\u9634\u6027\u540e\u5176\u4ed6\u81f4\u75c5\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u611f\u67d3\u7387"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Articles<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rates of infection with other pathogens after a positive COVID-19 test versus a negative test in US veterans (November, 2021, to December, 2023): a retrospective cohort study<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Miao\u00a0Cai,\u00a0Evan\u00a0Xu,\u00a0Yan\u00a0Xie, et al<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Lancet Infect Dis 2025; 25: 847-860<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Summary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Background<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to post-acute sequelae that can affect nearly every organ system, including the immune system. However, whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2 is associated with increased risk of future infections with other pathogens is not yet fully characterised. In this study, we aimed to test the association between a positive test for COVID-19, compared with a negative test, and rates of future infections with other pathogens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Methods<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

We used the US Department of Veterans Affairs health-care databases to build a spatiotemporally aligned cohort of 231\u2008899 people with a positive COVID-19 test and 605\u2008014 with a negative COVID-19 test (test-negative control group) between Nov 1, 2021, and Dec 31, 2023. We first did a discovery approach to map the associations between those with a positive COVID-19 test versus a negative test and laboratory-based outcomes of infectious illnesses. We then compared rates of a prespecified set of infectious disease outcomes between those with and without a positive COVID-19 test. To evaluate the specificity of the findings to COVID-19, we compared the rates of a prespecified set of infectious disease outcomes in a spatiotemporally aligned cohort of people admitted to hospital for COVID-19 (n=12\u2008450) versus those admitted for seasonal influenza (n=3293). Outcomes were ascertained 30 days after the date of the first test until the end of follow-up (365 days after the first test plus 30 days, death, or July 18, 2024, whichever came first). An inverse probability weighting approach was used to balance demographic and health characteristics across cohorts. Log-binomial regression models were used to estimate risk ratios (RRs) and 95% CIs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Findings<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

In the 12 months of follow-up, compared with participants who had a negative test for COVID-19, people with COVID-19 who did not require admission to hospital during the acute phase of infection had increased test positivity rates for bacterial infections (in blood, urine, and respiratory cultures) and viral diseases (including Epstein\u2013Barr virus, herpes simplex virus reactivation, and respiratory viral infections). People who were positive for COVID-19 and admitted to hospital also had increased rates of bacterial infections in blood, respiratory, and urine biospecimens, and viral infections in blood and respiratory biospecimens. Analyses of prespecified outcomes showed that, compared with the test-negative control group, participants with a positive COVID-19 test who were not admitted to hospital had significantly increased rates of outpatient diagnosis of infectious illnesses (RR 1\u00b717 [95% CI 1\u00b715\u20131\u00b719]), including bacterial, fungal, and viral infections; outpatient respiratory infections (1\u00b746 [1\u00b743\u20131\u00b750]); and admission to hospital for infectious illnesses (1\u00b741 [1\u00b737\u20131\u00b745]), including for sepsis and respiratory infections; the rates of prespecified outcomes were generally higher among those who were admitted to hospital for COVID-19 during the acute phase. Compared with people admitted to hospital for seasonal influenza, those admitted for COVID-19 had higher rates of admission to hospital for infectious illnesses (1\u00b724 [1\u00b710\u20131\u00b740]), admission to hospital for sepsis (RR 1\u00b735 [1\u00b711\u20131\u00b763]), and in-hospital use of antimicrobials (1\u00b723 [1\u00b710\u20131\u00b737]).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Table. Weighted demographic and health characteristics for the COVID-19-positive versus test-negative cohorts<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/td><\/td>Test-negative control cohort (n=605\u2008014)<\/strong><\/th>COVID-19 positive cohort (n=231\u2008899)<\/strong><\/th><\/tr>
<\/td><\/td><\/td>Not admitted to hospital (n=196\u2008941)<\/th>Weighted SMD*<\/a><\/th>Admitted to hospital (n=34\u2008958)<\/th>Weighted SMD*<\/a><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Age, years<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Mean (SD)<\/td>64\u00b748 (13\u00b791)<\/td>64\u00b750 (13\u00b792)<\/td>0\u00b7002<\/td>64\u00b761 (13\u00b797)<\/td>0\u00b7009<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Median (IQR)<\/td>67\u00b704 (55\u00b754\u201374\u00b767)<\/td>67\u00b700 (55\u00b777\u201374\u00b777)<\/td>NA<\/td>67\u00b710 (55\u00b751\u201374\u00b764)<\/td>NA<\/td><\/tr>
Sex<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Male<\/td>535\u2008008 (88\u00b743%)<\/td>174\u2008213 (88\u00b746%)<\/td>0\u00b7001<\/td>31\u2008032 (88\u00b777%)<\/td>0\u00b7011<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Female<\/td>70\u2008006 (11\u00b757%)<\/td>22\u2008728 (11\u00b754%)<\/td>0\u00b7001<\/td>3926 (11\u00b723%)<\/td>0\u00b7011<\/td><\/tr>
Race<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>White<\/td>403\u2008470 (66\u00b769%)<\/td>131\u2008466 (66\u00b775%)<\/td>0\u00b7001<\/td>23\u2008377 (66\u00b787%)<\/td>0\u00b7004<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Black<\/td>130\u2008753 (21\u00b761%)<\/td>42\u2008440 (21\u00b755%)<\/td>0\u00b7002<\/td>7408 (21\u00b719%)<\/td>0\u00b701<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Other<\/td>48\u2008653 (8\u00b704%)<\/td>15\u2008835 (8\u00b704%)<\/td>0<\/td>2993 (8\u00b756%)<\/td>0\u00b7019<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Asian<\/td>8829 (1\u00b746%)<\/td>2865 (1\u00b745%)<\/td>0<\/td>443 (1\u00b727%)<\/td>0\u00b7017<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>American Indian or Alaska Native<\/td>7380 (1\u00b722%)<\/td>2409 (1\u00b722%)<\/td>0<\/td>404 (1\u00b716%)<\/td>0\u00b7006<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander<\/td>5929 (0\u00b798%)<\/td>1926 (0\u00b798%)<\/td>0<\/td>333 (0\u00b795%)<\/td>0\u00b7003<\/td><\/tr>
Smoking status<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Never smoker<\/td>239\u2008311 (39\u00b755%)<\/td>77\u2008831 (39\u00b752%)<\/td>0\u00b7001<\/td>13\u2008938 (39\u00b787%)<\/td>0\u00b7006<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Former smoker<\/td>238\u2008767 (39\u00b746%)<\/td>77\u2008883 (39\u00b755%)<\/td>0\u00b7002<\/td>13\u2008519 (38\u00b767%)<\/td>0\u00b7016<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Current smoker<\/td>126\u2008936 (20\u00b798%)<\/td>41\u2008227 (20\u00b793%)<\/td>0\u00b7001<\/td>7501 (21\u00b746%)<\/td>0\u00b7012<\/td><\/tr>
Area deprivation index<\/strong>\u2020<\/sup><\/a><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Mean (SD)<\/td>53\u00b790 (19\u00b760)<\/td>53\u00b791 (19\u00b759)<\/td>0<\/td>53\u00b773 (19\u00b762)<\/td>0\u00b7009<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Median (IQR)<\/td>55\u00b735 (41\u00b706\u201368\u00b753)<\/td>55\u00b735 (40\u00b798\u201368\u00b762)<\/td>NA<\/td>55\u00b726 (41\u00b729\u201368\u00b742)<\/td>NA<\/td><\/tr>
BMI,<\/strong>\u2021<\/sup><\/a> kg\/m2<\/sup><\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Mean (SD)<\/td>30\u00b764 (6\u00b702)<\/td>30\u00b764 (6\u00b701)<\/td>0<\/td>30\u00b763 (6\u00b712)<\/td>0\u00b7002<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Median (IQR)<\/td>30\u00b705 (26\u00b747\u201334\u00b720)<\/td>30\u00b705 (26\u00b746\u201334\u00b718)<\/td>NA<\/td>29\u00b798 (26\u00b745\u201334\u00b700)<\/td>NA<\/td><\/tr>
COVID-19 vaccination<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Unvaccinated<\/td>100\u2008505 (16\u00b761%)<\/td>32\u2008774 (16\u00b764%)<\/td>0\u00b7001<\/td>5815 (16\u00b763%)<\/td>0\u00b7001<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>1 dose<\/td>28\u2008249 (4\u00b767%)<\/td>9189 (4\u00b767%)<\/td>0<\/td>1646 (4\u00b771%)<\/td>0\u00b7002<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>2 doses<\/td>140\u2008125 (23\u00b716%)<\/td>45\u2008516 (23\u00b711%)<\/td>0\u00b7001<\/td>7878 (22\u00b753%)<\/td>0\u00b7015<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>\u22653 doses<\/td>336\u2008135 (55\u00b756%)<\/td>109\u2008462 (55\u00b758%)<\/td>0<\/td>19\u2008619 (56\u00b712%)<\/td>0\u00b7011<\/td><\/tr>
Seasonal influenza vaccine<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Unvaccinated<\/td>263\u2008932 (43\u00b762%)<\/td>85\u2008695 (43\u00b751%)<\/td>0\u00b7002<\/td>14\u2008954 (42\u00b778%)<\/td>0\u00b7017<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>1 dose<\/td>192\u2008277 (31\u00b778%)<\/td>62\u2008789 (31\u00b788%)<\/td>0\u00b7002<\/td>11\u2008627 (33\u00b726%)<\/td>0\u00b7032<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>\u22652 doses<\/td>148\u2008805 (24\u00b760%)<\/td>48\u2008457 (24\u00b761%)<\/td>0<\/td>8377 (23\u00b796%)<\/td>0\u00b7015<\/td><\/tr>
HPV vaccine<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Unvaccinated<\/td>603\u2008504 (99\u00b775%)<\/td>196\u2008445 (99\u00b775%)<\/td>0\u00b7001<\/td>34\u2008843 (99\u00b767%)<\/td>0\u00b7015<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>1 dose<\/td>1330 (0\u00b722%)<\/td>437 (0\u00b722%)<\/td>0\u00b7001<\/td>111 (0\u00b732%)<\/td>0\u00b7019<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>\u22652 doses<\/td>180 (0\u00b703%)<\/td>59 (0\u00b703%)<\/td>0<\/td>4 (0\u00b701%)<\/td>0\u00b7012<\/td><\/tr>
RSV vaccine<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Unvaccinated<\/td>604\u2008046 (99\u00b784%)<\/td>196\u2008623 (99\u00b784%)<\/td>0<\/td>34\u2008899 (99\u00b783%)<\/td>0\u00b7002<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>\u22651 dose<\/td>968 (0\u00b716%)<\/td>318 (0\u00b716%)<\/td>0<\/td>59 (0\u00b717%)<\/td>0\u00b7002<\/td><\/tr>
Pneumococcal vaccine<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Unvaccinated<\/td>508\u2008882 (84\u00b711%)<\/td>165\u2008646 (84\u00b711%)<\/td>0<\/td>29\u2008367 (84\u00b701%)<\/td>0\u00b7003<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>1 dose<\/td>92\u2008079 (15\u00b722%)<\/td>29\u2008971 (15\u00b722%)<\/td>0<\/td>5351 (15\u00b731%)<\/td>0\u00b7002<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>\u22652 doses<\/td>4053 (0\u00b767%)<\/td>1324 (0\u00b767%)<\/td>0<\/td>240 (0\u00b769%)<\/td>0\u00b7002<\/td><\/tr>
Comorbidities<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Autoimmune diseases<\/td>36\u2008982 (6\u00b711%)<\/td>12\u2008036 (6\u00b711%)<\/td>0<\/td>2260 (6\u00b746%)<\/td>0\u00b7015<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Anxiety<\/td>135\u2008849 (22\u00b745%)<\/td>44\u2008180 (22\u00b743%)<\/td>0\u00b7001<\/td>7915 (22\u00b764%)<\/td>0\u00b7004<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Cancer<\/td>66\u2008252 (10\u00b795%)<\/td>21\u2008579 (10\u00b796%)<\/td>0<\/td>3911 (11\u00b719%)<\/td>0\u00b7008<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Cardiovascular disease<\/td>141\u2008833 (23\u00b744%)<\/td>46\u2008262 (23\u00b749%)<\/td>0\u00b7001<\/td>8461 (24\u00b720%)<\/td>0\u00b7018<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Cerebrovascular disease<\/td>65\u2008270 (10\u00b779%)<\/td>21\u2008329 (10\u00b783%)<\/td>0\u00b7001<\/td>3936 (11\u00b726%)<\/td>0\u00b7015<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Dementia<\/td>43\u2008724 (7\u00b723%)<\/td>14\u2008344 (7\u00b728%)<\/td>0\u00b7002<\/td>2632 (7\u00b753%)<\/td>0\u00b7012<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Depression<\/td>88\u2008490 (14\u00b763%)<\/td>28\u2008830 (14\u00b764%)<\/td>0<\/td>5190 (14\u00b785%)<\/td>0\u00b7006<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Type 2 diabetes<\/td>218\u2008944 (36\u00b719%)<\/td>71\u2008326 (36\u00b722%)<\/td>0\u00b7001<\/td>12\u2008770 (36\u00b753%)<\/td>0\u00b7007<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Immunocompromised status<\/td>88\u2008098 (14\u00b756%)<\/td>28\u2008707 (14\u00b758%)<\/td>0<\/td>5242 (15\u00b700%)<\/td>0\u00b7012<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Lung disease<\/td>132\u2008749 (21\u00b794%)<\/td>43\u2008250 (21\u00b796%)<\/td>0<\/td>7789 (22\u00b728%)<\/td>0\u00b7008<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Peripheral artery disease<\/td>20\u2008493 (3\u00b739%)<\/td>6705 (3\u00b740%)<\/td>0\u00b7001<\/td>1264 (3\u00b762%)<\/td>0\u00b7012<\/td><\/tr>
Prescription of prednisone<\/td>125\u2008253 (20\u00b770%)<\/td>40\u2008847 (20\u00b774%)<\/td>0\u00b7001<\/td>7453 (21\u00b732%)<\/td>0\u00b7015<\/td><\/tr>
Care Assessment Need score<\/strong>\u00a7<\/sup><\/a><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Mean (SD)<\/td>0\u00b719 (0\u00b716)<\/td>0\u00b719 (0\u00b716)<\/td>0\u00b7003<\/td>0\u00b72 (0\u00b717)<\/td>0\u00b7037<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Median (IQR)<\/td>0\u00b714 (0\u00b708\u20130\u00b725)<\/td>0\u00b714 (0\u00b708\u20130\u00b725)<\/td>NA<\/td>0\u00b714 (0\u00b708\u20130\u00b726)<\/td>NA<\/td><\/tr>
Veterans Affairs electronic health record frailty index<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Mean (SD)<\/td>0\u00b720 (0\u00b712)<\/td>0\u00b720 (0\u00b712)<\/td>0\u00b7002<\/td>0\u00b720 (0\u00b712)<\/td>0\u00b7025<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Median (IQR)<\/td>0\u00b716 (0\u00b710\u20130\u00b726)<\/td>0\u00b716 (0\u00b710\u20130\u00b726)<\/td>NA<\/td>0\u00b716 (0\u00b710\u20130\u00b726)<\/td>NA<\/td><\/tr>
Estimated glomerular filtration rate<\/strong>\u2021<\/sup><\/a>, mL\/min per 1\u00b773 m2<\/sup><\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Mean (SD)<\/td>78\u00b725 (21\u00b765)<\/td>78\u00b723 (21\u00b765)<\/td>0\u00b7001<\/td>77\u00b771 (21\u00b785)<\/td>0\u00b7025<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Median (IQR)<\/td>80\u00b754 (64\u00b763\u201393\u00b790)<\/td>80\u00b753 (64\u00b762\u201393\u00b788)<\/td>NA<\/td>80\u00b723 (64\u00b718\u201393\u00b781)<\/td>NA<\/td><\/tr>
Diastolic blood pressure,<\/strong>\u2021<\/sup><\/a> (mm Hg)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Mean (SD)<\/td>77\u00b749 (10\u00b721)<\/td>77\u00b748 (10\u00b723)<\/td>0\u00b7001<\/td>77\u00b749 (10\u00b727)<\/td>0<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Median (IQR)<\/td>78\u00b700 (71\u201384)<\/td>78\u00b700 (71\u201384)<\/td>NA<\/td>78 (71\u201384)<\/td>NA<\/td><\/tr>
Systolic blood pressure,<\/strong>\u2021<\/sup><\/a> (mm Hg)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Mean (SD)<\/td>132\u00b763 (17\u00b735)<\/td>132\u00b763 (17\u00b737)<\/td>0<\/td>132\u00b792 (17\u00b762)<\/td>0\u00b7016<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Median (IQR)<\/td>132 (121\u2013143)<\/td>132 (121\u2013143)<\/td>NA<\/td>132\u00b700 (121\u2013143)<\/td>NA<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Long-term care use\u00b6<\/sup><\/a><\/td>18\u2008997 (3\u00b714%)<\/td>6259 (3\u00b718%)<\/td>0\u00b7002<\/td>1241 (3\u00b755%)<\/td>0\u00b7023<\/td><\/tr>
Number of Medicare inpatient visits<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Mean (SD)<\/td>0\u00b704 (0\u00b729)<\/td>0\u00b704 (0\u00b731)<\/td>0<\/td>0\u00b704 (0\u00b730)<\/td>0\u00b7004<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Median (IQR)<\/td>0 (0\u20130)<\/td>0 (0\u20130)<\/td>NA<\/td>0 (0\u20130)<\/td>NA<\/td><\/tr>
Number of Medicare outpatient visits<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Mean (SD)<\/td>0\u00b715 (0\u00b762)<\/td>0\u00b715 (0\u00b763)<\/td>0\u00b7001<\/td>0\u00b715 (0\u00b761)<\/td>0\u00b7005<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Median (IQR)<\/td>0 (0\u20130)<\/td>0 (0\u20130)<\/td>NA<\/td>0 (0\u20130)<\/td>NA<\/td><\/tr>
Number of SARS-CoV-2 tests within 1 year before T0<\/sub><\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Mean (SD)<\/td>1\u00b716 (2\u00b745)<\/td>1\u00b717 (2\u00b735)<\/td>0\u00b7002<\/td>1\u00b719 (2\u00b753)<\/td>0\u00b701<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Median (IQR)<\/td>0 (0\u20131)<\/td>0 (0\u20131)<\/td>NA<\/td>0 (0\u20131)<\/td>NA<\/td><\/tr>
Number of SARS-CoV-2 tests within 1\u20132 years before T0<\/sub><\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Mean (SD)<\/td>0\u00b772 (1\u00b734)<\/td>0\u00b772 (1\u00b731)<\/td>0\u00b7002<\/td>0\u00b774 (1\u00b735)<\/td>0\u00b7016<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Median (IQR)<\/td>0 (0\u20131)<\/td>0 (0\u20131)<\/td>NA<\/td>0 (0\u20131)<\/td>NA<\/td><\/tr>
Number of seasonal influenza tests within 1 year before T0<\/sub><\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Mean (SD)<\/td>0\u00b729 (0\u00b771)<\/td>0\u00b729 (0\u00b768)<\/td>0\u00b7003<\/td>0\u00b731 (0\u00b770)<\/td>0\u00b703<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Median (IQR)<\/td>0 (0\u20130)<\/td>0 (0\u20130)<\/td>NA<\/td>0 (0\u20130)<\/td>NA<\/td><\/tr>
Number of seasonal influenza infections within 1 year before T0<\/sub><\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Mean (SD)<\/td>0\u00b716 (0\u00b748)<\/td>0\u00b716 (0\u00b747)<\/td>0\u00b7001<\/td>0\u00b717 (0\u00b749)<\/td>0\u00b7015<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Median (IQR)<\/td>0 (0\u20130)<\/td>0 (0\u20130)<\/td>NA<\/td>0 (0\u20130)<\/td>NA<\/td><\/tr>
Rurality<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Urban<\/td>429\u2008879 (71\u00b705%)<\/td>139\u2008855 (71\u00b701%)<\/td>0\u00b7001<\/td>24\u2008949 (71\u00b737%)<\/td>0\u00b7007<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Rural<\/td>157\u2008462 (26\u00b703%)<\/td>51\u2008311 (26\u00b705%)<\/td>0\u00b7001<\/td>9027 (25\u00b782%)<\/td>0\u00b7005<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Highly rural<\/td>17\u2008491 (2\u00b789%)<\/td>5712 (2\u00b790%)<\/td>0\u00b7001<\/td>978 (2\u00b780%)<\/td>0\u00b7006<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Insular island<\/td>182 (0\u00b703%)<\/td>63 (0\u00b703%)<\/td>0\u00b7001<\/td>4 (0\u00b701%)<\/td>0\u00b7014<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
Data are n (%) unless otherwise stated. Cohorts were fully weighted for the predefined and high-dimensional algorithmically selected variables. HPV=human papillomavirus. NA=not applicable. RSV=respiratory syncytial virus. SMD=standardised mean difference versus the test-negative control group. T0<\/sub>=date of the first positive test result in the positive COVID-19 group; in the test-negative control group, T0<\/sub>\u00a0corresponds to the SARS-CoV-2 negative test date that aligns with the date of the first positive test in the positive COVID-19 group, determined through stratified sampling.*
Versus the test-negative control group.\u2020
Area Deprivation Index is a measure of socioeconomic disadvantage, with a range of disadvantage from 0 (least disadvantaged) to 100 (most disadvantaged).\u2021
2\u00b729% of the estimated glomerular filtration rate, 0\u00b736% of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and 5\u00b744% of the BMI values were missing and were imputed using multivariate imputation by chained equations in different exposure groups.\u00a7
Score ranges from 0 to 1, where a higher values indicates a higher risk.\u00b6
Defined in the\u00a0appendix (p 5)<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Interpretation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Our results suggest that a positive test for COVID-19 (vs<\/em> a negative test) was associated with increased rates of diagnosis of various infections in the 12 months following an acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. The putative long-term effects of COVID-19 on the immune system and the propensity for infection with other pathogens should be further evaluated in future studies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Funding<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

US Department of Veterans Affairs.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Articles Rates of infection with other pathogens after […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[32,23],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28963"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=28963"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28963\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":28964,"href":"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28963\/revisions\/28964"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=28963"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=28963"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=28963"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}