{"id":28861,"date":"2025-09-17T04:36:00","date_gmt":"2025-09-16T20:36:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/?p=28861"},"modified":"2025-09-17T05:40:30","modified_gmt":"2025-09-16T21:40:30","slug":"bmj%e5%8f%91%e8%a1%a8%e8%ae%ba%e6%96%87%ef%bc%9a2023%e5%b9%b4%e8%8b%b1%e5%9b%bd%e7%9b%b4%e6%8e%a5%e9%9d%a2%e5%90%91%e6%b6%88%e8%b4%b9%e8%80%85%e9%94%80%e5%94%ae%e7%9a%84%e8%87%aa%e6%88%91%e6%a3%80","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/?p=28861","title":{"rendered":"[BMJ\u53d1\u8868\u8bba\u6587]\uff1a2023\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u76f4\u63a5\u9762\u5411\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u9500\u552e\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u68c0\u6d4b\uff1a\u7528\u9014\u3001\u4f7f\u7528\u8bf4\u660e\u53ca\u68c0\u9a8c\u540e\u51b3\u7b56"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Research<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Direct-to-consumer self-tests sold in the UK in 2023: cross sectional review of information on intended use, instructions for use, and post-test decision making<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Clare Davenport, Alex Richter, Bethany Hillier,\u00a0et al<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

BMJ<\/em>\u00a02025;\u00a0390\u00a0doi:\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2025-085546<\/a>\u00a0(Published 23 July 2025)Cite this as:\u00a0BMJ<\/em>\u00a02025;390:e085546<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Abstract<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Objectives<\/strong> To review the information provided for self-test devices sold in high street shops in the UK and to assess their suitability for informed decision making based on use, interpretation, and post-test actions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Design<\/strong> Cross sectional review of information on self-test boxes and instructions for use leaflets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Setting<\/strong> Supermarkets, pharmacies, and health and wellbeing shops within a 10 mile radius of the University of Birmingham\u2019s campus at Edgbaston in 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Main outcome measures<\/strong> Information on intended use of test, biomarker and clinical condition, interpretation of test results, recommendations for post-test actions, and coherence of intended use and post-test recommendations with evidence based guidance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Results<\/strong>\u00a030 self-tests assessing 20 biomarkers for 19 different conditions were included. Information to guide purchase was present on a few boxes: who should use the test and when (8\/30, 27%), action after the test result (7\/30, 23%), and numerical test performance (10\/30, 33%). From the information provided either on the box or within the instructions for use leaflets, 21 (70%) self-tests were judged to be used for diagnosis and 15 (50%) to be used for screening, although 3\/21 (14%) did not provide any information about symptoms and 10\/15 (67%) did not provide any information about risk factors to guide use. 27 (90%) self-tests recommended follow-up with a healthcare professional if results were positive or abnormal, and 14 (47%) if test results were negative or normal. Use of tests for 11 of 19 (58%) conditions was judged contrary to evidence based guidance in one or more of the intended population, frequency of testing, test threshold, or investigative approach required for a condition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 1<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Test characteristics: Biomarkers, sample types, and indications for use<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Test ID label<\/th>Product name (original cost)<\/th>Sample type<\/th><\/th>Biomarker<\/th>IFU clinical claim<\/th>Indication<\/th>Associated conditions<\/th>Symptoms for diagnosis<\/th>Characteristics to screen<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
T1<\/td>Menopause Test (\u00a314.49)<\/td>Urine<\/td><\/td>FSH<\/td>Menopausal transition phase<\/td>Not stated<\/td>0<\/td>10<\/td>0<\/td><\/tr>
T2<\/td>Flourish Menopause Test Kit (\u00a310.00)<\/td>Urine<\/td><\/td>FSH<\/td>Under menopausal process<\/td>Not stated<\/td>0<\/td>11<\/td>0<\/td><\/tr>
T3<\/td>Menopause (FSH) Rapid Test (\u00a34.00)<\/td>Urine<\/td><\/td>FSH<\/td>Onset of menopause<\/td>Diagnosis<\/td>5<\/td>9<\/td>0<\/td><\/tr>
T4<\/td>FSH Rapid Menopause Test Midstream (\u00a310.00)<\/td>Urine<\/td><\/td>FSH<\/td>Onset of menopause<\/td>Diagnosis<\/td>5<\/td>9<\/td>0<\/td><\/tr>
T5<\/td>SP-10 Male Fertility Rapid Test (\u00a312.50)<\/td>Semen<\/td><\/td>Acrosomal protein SP-10<\/td>Low sperm concentration<\/td>Diagnosis, screening<\/td>0<\/td>1<\/td>0<\/td><\/tr>
T6<\/td>SpermCheck Fertility (\u00a329.99)<\/td>Semen<\/td><\/td>Acrosomal protein SP-10<\/td>Low sperm concentration\/count<\/td>Screening<\/td>0<\/td>0<\/td>0<\/td><\/tr>
T7<\/td>SwimCount Sperm Quality Test (\u00a339.99)<\/td>Semen<\/td><\/td>Progressive motile sperm cells (cells\/mL)<\/td>Predictor of male fertility<\/td>Not stated<\/td>0<\/td>0<\/td>0<\/td><\/tr>
T8<\/td>SURE CHECK HIV Self-Test (\u00a333.95)<\/td>Capillary blood<\/td><\/td>Antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2<\/td>HIV infection<\/td>Screening<\/td>1<\/td>0<\/td>1<\/td><\/tr>
T9<\/td>Female Chlamydia STI Test Kit (\u00a319.99)<\/td>Vaginal swab<\/td><\/td>Not stated<\/td>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/em><\/td>Not stated<\/td>9<\/td>0<\/td>0<\/td><\/tr>
T10<\/td>Women\u2019s Intimate Self-test (\u00a38.99)<\/td>Vaginal swab<\/td><\/td>Vaginal pH<\/td>Thrush, bacterial, or trichomoniasis infection<\/td>Diagnosis<\/td>0<\/td>7<\/td>0<\/td><\/tr>
T11<\/td>Canestest Self-test for Vaginal Infections (\u00a37.50)<\/td>Vaginal swab<\/td><\/td>Vaginal pH<\/td>Bacterial vaginosis, thrush, trichomonas<\/td>Diagnosis<\/td>2<\/td>1<\/td>0<\/td><\/tr>
T12<\/td>Urine Infection Test (\u00a314.49)<\/td>Urine<\/td><\/td>Protein, nitrite, and leucocytes<\/td> <\/td>Diagnosis<\/td>0<\/td>6<\/td>0<\/td><\/tr>
T13<\/td>Bowel Health Test (\u00a314.49)<\/td>Faeces<\/td><\/td>Human haemoglobin<\/td>Early stages of colon cancer<\/td>Not stated<\/td>5<\/td>0<\/td>2<\/td><\/tr>
T14<\/td>FOB Rapid Test (Faeces) (\u00a310.00)<\/td>Faeces<\/td><\/td>Human haemoglobin<\/td> <\/td>Not stated<\/td>6<\/td>0<\/td>0<\/td><\/tr>
T15<\/td>Prostate Health Test (\u00a314.49)<\/td>Capillary blood<\/td><\/td>Prostate specific antigen<\/td>Indicator of prostate health<\/td>Not stated<\/td>4<\/td>0<\/td>2<\/td><\/tr>
T16<\/td>Stomach Ulcer Test (\u00a314.49)<\/td>Capillary blood<\/td><\/td>Helicobacter pylori<\/em> antibodies<\/td> <\/td>Not stated<\/td>3<\/td>2<\/td>0<\/td><\/tr>
T17<\/td>Gluten Sensitivity Test (\u00a317.49)<\/td>Capillary blood<\/td><\/td>Anti-tissue transglutaminase IgA antibodies<\/td> <\/td>Not stated<\/td>2<\/td>9<\/td>0<\/td><\/tr>
T18<\/td>One step Strep A Swab test (\u00a314.49)<\/td>Throat swab (tonsils)<\/td><\/td>Group A streptococcal antigen<\/td>Group A streptococcal infection<\/td>Diagnosis<\/td>6<\/td>2<\/td>0<\/td><\/tr>
T19<\/td>Flowflex Influenza A\/B Rapid Test (Self-Testing) (\u00a32.50)<\/td>Nasal swab<\/td><\/td>Influenza A antigen and influenza B antigen<\/td>Acute influenza type A and B viral infections<\/td>Diagnosis, screening<\/td>2<\/td>9<\/td>0<\/td><\/tr>
T20<\/td>Flowflex SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Rapid Test (Self-Testing) (\u00a31.93)<\/td>Nasal swab<\/td><\/td>SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen<\/td>Covid-19<\/td>Diagnosis, screening<\/td>0<\/td>8<\/td>1<\/td><\/tr>
T21<\/td>One step test for SARS-CoV-2 Antigen (Colloidal Gold) (\u00a32.00)<\/td>Nasal swab<\/td><\/td>SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen<\/td>SARS-CoV-2 infection<\/td>Diagnosis, screening<\/td>0<\/td>7<\/td>1<\/td><\/tr>
T22<\/td>STEPAHEAD COVID-19 Antigen Rapid Test Kit (Swab) For Self-Testing (\u00a31.89)<\/td>Nasal swab<\/td><\/td>SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen<\/td>SARS-CoV-2 infection<\/td>Not stated<\/td>0<\/td>1<\/td>1<\/td><\/tr>
T23<\/td>Microalbuminuria (MAU) Rapid Test Kit (Colloidal Gold) (\u00a38.00)<\/td>Urine<\/td><\/td>Albuminuria<\/td>Diagnosis of chronic kidney injury (CKI)<\/td>Diagnosis<\/td>4<\/td>0<\/td>0<\/td><\/tr>
T24<\/td>TSH Rapid Test Cassette (\u00a310.00)<\/td>Capillary blood<\/td><\/td>TSH<\/td>Hypothyroidism<\/td>Diagnosis, screening<\/td>0<\/td>8<\/td>0<\/td><\/tr>
T25<\/td>Ferritin Rapid Test Cassette (\u00a38.00)<\/td>Capillary blood<\/td><\/td>Ferritin<\/td>Iron deficiency anaemia<\/td>Not stated<\/td>8<\/td>12<\/td>0<\/td><\/tr>
T26<\/td>Iron Deficiency (\u00a38.00)<\/td>Capillary blood<\/td><\/td>Ferritin<\/td>Iron deficiency anaemia<\/td>Not stated<\/td>4<\/td>5<\/td>0<\/td><\/tr>
T27<\/td>Vitamin D Rapid Test Cassette (\u00a38.00)<\/td>Capillary blood<\/td><\/td>25-hydroxyvitamin D<\/td>Vitamin D deficiency<\/td>Diagnosis, screening, monitoring<\/td>18<\/td>0<\/td>0<\/td><\/tr>
T28<\/td>Vitamin D Test (\u00a38.00)<\/td>Capillary blood<\/td><\/td>25-hydroxyvitamin D<\/td>Vitamin D deficiency<\/td>Diagnosis, screening, monitoring<\/td>18<\/td>0<\/td>0<\/td><\/tr>
T29<\/td>Cholesterol Level Test (\u00a314.99)<\/td>Capillary blood<\/td><\/td>Total cholesterol<\/td>Hypercholesterolemia<\/td>Not stated<\/td>7<\/td>0<\/td>0<\/td><\/tr>
T30<\/td>Blood Glucose Test (\u00a312.99)<\/td>Capillary blood<\/td><\/td>Blood glucose<\/td>Blood sugar level<\/td>Not stated<\/td>8<\/td>0<\/td>0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u00a31.00 (\u20ac1.16; $1.36).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FOB=faecal occult blood; FSH=follicle stimulating hormone; IFU=instructions for use; IgA=immunoglobulin A; STI=sexually transmitted infection; TSH=thyroid stimulating hormone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 2<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Information provided at point of sale on self-test boxes<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Test ID label<\/th>Health condition to be detected<\/th>Information about indications for testing<\/th>Biomarker stated<\/th>Advice after test<\/th>Claim about performance<\/th>Time to test result<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
T1<\/td>Menopause<\/td> <\/td> <\/td>Consult doctor<\/td>Reliable<\/td>3 minutes<\/td><\/tr>
T2<\/td>Menopause<\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td>Reliable<\/td>10 minutes<\/td><\/tr>
T3<\/td>Menopause<\/td> <\/td>FSH<\/td> <\/td>99% accurate<\/td>3 minutes<\/td><\/tr>
T4<\/td>Menopause<\/td> <\/td>FSH<\/td> <\/td>99% accurate<\/td>3 minutes<\/td><\/tr>
T5<\/td>Male fertility<\/td>Men<\/td>Sperm count<\/td> <\/td>98% accurate<\/td>5 minutes<\/td><\/tr>
T6<\/td>Male fertility<\/td>Men. Trying to conceive<\/td>Sperm count<\/td>Test every 2\/3 months<\/td>Proven accurate<\/td>Minutes*<\/td><\/tr>
T7<\/td>Sperm quality<\/td> <\/td>Progressive motile sperm cells (PMSC)<\/td>Consult doctor or make lifestyle changes<\/td> <\/td>30 minutes<\/td><\/tr>
T8<\/td>HIV viral infection<\/td>Not for those on antiretroviral treatment or in HIV vaccine trial<\/td>HIV infection<\/td>Confirming results with doctor<\/td> <\/td>15 minutes<\/td><\/tr>
T9<\/td>Chlamydia in women<\/td>Women. Do not test during menstruation, pregnancy, or recent course antibiotics<\/td>Chlamydia infection<\/td> <\/td> <\/td>Minutes*<\/td><\/tr>
T10<\/td>Common vaginal infections<\/td>Women. One or more of itching, burning, pain when urinating, discharge, odour<\/td>Vaginal pH<\/td>Consult doctor or pharmacist<\/td>90% accurate<\/td>10 seconds<\/td><\/tr>
T11<\/td>Common vaginal infections<\/td>One or more of itching, burning, pain when urinating, discharge, odour<\/td>Vaginal pH<\/td>Seek attention for treatment<\/td>90% accurate<\/td>Seconds*<\/td><\/tr>
T12<\/td>Urine infections<\/td>One or more of burning when urinating, frequency, cloudy urine, odour, pain, fever<\/td>Protein, nitrite, leucocytes<\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
T13<\/td>Symptoms of colon polyps (polyps precede bowel cancer)<\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
T14<\/td>Bowel health (aid in the diagnosis of bowel cancer)<\/td> <\/td>Occult blood<\/td> <\/td>90% accurate<\/td>5 minutes<\/td><\/tr>
T15<\/td>Prostate health (enlargement of the prostate, prostatitis, urinary infection, early indication of prostate cancer)<\/td> <\/td>PSA<\/td>Consult GP<\/td> <\/td>10 minutes<\/td><\/tr>
T16<\/td>Stomach ulcer test<\/td> <\/td>H pylori<\/em><\/td> <\/td> <\/td>10 minutes<\/td><\/tr>
T17<\/td>Gluten sensitivity test<\/td>Symptoms<\/td>TTG<\/td> <\/td>97% accurate<\/td>15 minutes<\/td><\/tr>
T18<\/td>Streptococcus A detection<\/td> <\/td>Strep A<\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
T19<\/td>Influenza A\/B<\/td> <\/td>Influenza A\/B<\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
T20<\/td>SARS-CoV-2<\/td> <\/td>SARS-CoV-2<\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
T21<\/td>SARS-CoV-2<\/td> <\/td>SARS-CoV-2<\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
T22<\/td>Covid-19<\/td> <\/td>Covid-19<\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
T23<\/td>None<\/td> <\/td>Albumin<\/td> <\/td>98% accurate<\/td>3 minutes<\/td><\/tr>
T24<\/td>Underactive thyroid<\/td> <\/td>TSH<\/td> <\/td>98% accurate<\/td>3 minutes<\/td><\/tr>
T25<\/td>Iron deficiency<\/td> <\/td>Ferritin<\/td> <\/td>95% accurate<\/td>5 minutes<\/td><\/tr>
T26<\/td>Iron deficiency<\/td> <\/td>Ferritin<\/td> <\/td> <\/td>5 minutes<\/td><\/tr>
T27<\/td>Vitamin D deficiency<\/td> <\/td>Vit D<\/td> <\/td>Clinically tested accuracy<\/td>10 minutes<\/td><\/tr>
T28<\/td>Vitamin D deficiency<\/td> <\/td>25-hydroxy Vit D<\/td> <\/td> <\/td>10 minutes<\/td><\/tr>
T29<\/td>Cholesterol level<\/td> <\/td>Cholesterol level<\/td> <\/td> <\/td>3 minutes<\/td><\/tr>
T30<\/td>Glucose<\/td> <\/td>Glucose<\/td> <\/td> <\/td>Minutes*<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

FSH=follicle stimulating hormone; PSA=prostate specific antigen; Strep=streptococcus; TSH=thyroid stimulating hormone; TTG=tissue transglutaminase.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • *\u00a0No specific duration specified.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    Table 3<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Test interpretation and recommended actions<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Test ID label: product name; result<\/th>Interpretation<\/th>Recommended medical contact<\/th>Treatment\/actions<\/th>Further tests<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
    T1: Menopause Test<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    Positive<\/td>Assume that you have reached post menopause if both test results are positive<\/td> <\/td> <\/td>Repeat the test a week later if first is positive<\/td><\/tr>
    Negative<\/td>You have not yet reached post-menopause<\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
    T2: Flourish Menopause Test Kit<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    Positive<\/td>You could be under menopausal process if both test results are positive<\/td>Gynaecologist<\/td> <\/td>Repeat the test 5-7 days later if first is positive<\/td><\/tr>
    Negative<\/td>You are probably not under menopausal process<\/td>Gynaecologist<\/td> <\/td>Repeat test 40-60 days later if you still have symptoms<\/td><\/tr>
    T3: Menopause (FSH) Rapid Test<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    Perimenopausal symptoms:<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr>
    \u2003Positive<\/td>Most likely (two positive test results) or may be in perimenopause (one positive test)<\/td>Doctor<\/td>Do not immediately discontinue contraception<\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
    \u2003Negative<\/td>Most likely not experiencing perimenopause<\/td>Doctor<\/td> <\/td>Test can be repeated<\/td><\/tr>
    Menopausal symptoms:<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr>
    \u2003Positive<\/td>Menopause has most likely occurred (after one positive test)<\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
    \u2003Negative<\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td>Repeat testing in following month if still have symptoms<\/td><\/tr>
    T4: FSH Rapid Menopause Test Midstream<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    Perimenopausal symptoms:<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr>
    \u2003Positive<\/td>Most likely (two positive test results) or may be in perimenopause (one positive test)<\/td>Doctor<\/td>Do not immediately discontinue contraception<\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
    \u2003Negative<\/td>Most likely not experiencing perimenopause<\/td>Doctor<\/td> <\/td>Test can be repeated<\/td><\/tr>
    Menopausal symptoms:<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr>
    \u2003Positive<\/td>Menopause has most likely occurred (one positive test)<\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
    \u2003Negative<\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td>Repeat testing in following month if still have symptoms<\/td><\/tr>
    T5: SP-10 Male Fertility Rapid Test<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    Positive<\/td>Sperm concentration is less than 15 million\/mL<\/td>Expert medical advice<\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
    Negative<\/td>Sperm concentration is above 15 million\/mL<\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
    T6: SpermCheck Fertility<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    Positive<\/td>Sperm count concentration is less than 15 million\/mL<\/td>Doctor<\/td>Possible treatment for subfertility as advised by doctor<\/td>Complete semen analysis<\/td><\/tr>
    Negative<\/td>Sperm count is at least 15 million\/mL<\/td>Doctor if still experiencing fertility issues<\/td> <\/td>Complete semen analysis and fertility evaluation for partner<\/td><\/tr>
    T7: SwimCount Sperm Quality Test<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    Positive<\/td>PMSC concentration is lower than for fertile men; may be unable to get your partner pregnant naturally<\/td>Doctor<\/td>Lifestyle changes to improve sperm concentration<\/td>Repeat test in three months after lifestyle changes<\/td><\/tr>
    Negative<\/td>PMSC concentration is normal; high chance making partner pregnant naturally<\/td>Doctor if still experiencing fertility issues<\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
    T8: SURE CHECK HIV Self-Test<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    Positive<\/td>Probably HIV positive<\/td>Doctor<\/td>Protect yourself and others<\/td>Confirmatory laboratory test<\/td><\/tr>
    Negative<\/td>Probably HIV negative<\/td>Doctor if possibility of being in the seroconversion period<\/td> <\/td>Repeat the test in 3 months if possible exposure to HIV<\/td><\/tr>
    T9: Female Chlamydia STI Test Kit<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    Positive<\/td> <\/td>Doctor<\/td>Sexual partner should also take a test and undergo treatment<\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
    Negative<\/td>Highly unlikely to have chlamydia<\/td> <\/td> <\/td>Regular testing recommended<\/td><\/tr>
    T10: Women\u2019s Intimate Self-test<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    Positive<\/td>Vaginal pH is higher than normal; probably have bacterial vaginosis\/trichomoniasis dependent on symptoms<\/td>Pharmacist if bacterial vaginosis suspected; doctor if trichomoniasis suspected<\/td>Product for bacterial vaginosis from pharmacist; treatment for trichomoniasis from doctor<\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
    Negative<\/td>Vaginal pH is normal; probably have thrush if symptoms are present<\/td>Pharmacist if thrush is suspected<\/td>Products for thrush advised by pharmacist<\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
    T11: Canestest Self-test for Vaginal Infections<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    Positive<\/td>Vaginal pH is higher than normal; probably have bacterial vaginosis\/trichomoniasis infection dependent on symptoms<\/td>Pharmacist if bacterial vaginosis suspected; doctor if trichomoniasis suspected or if no symptoms<\/td>Treatment for bacterial vaginosis from pharmacist or doctor; trichomoniasis from doctor<\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
    Negative<\/td>Vaginal pH is normal; probably have thrush if symptoms are present<\/td>Pharmacist if thrush suspected<\/td>Over-the-counter thrush products<\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
    T12: Urine Infection Test<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    Positive<\/td>Likely that something is wrong with your urine<\/td>GP<\/td> <\/td>Further investigation by GP<\/td><\/tr>
    Negative<\/td> <\/td>Doctor if symptoms persist<\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
    T13: Bowel Health Test<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    Positive<\/td>Blood detected in stool<\/td>Doctor<\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
    Negative<\/td>No blood detected in stool (does not exclude possibility of bowel condition)<\/td> <\/td> <\/td>Test yourself or arrange to be tested annually from age 40 years<\/td><\/tr>
    T14: FOB Rapid Test (Faeces)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    Positive<\/td>Blood in faeces does not necessarily indicate colorectal bleeding<\/td>Doctor<\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
    Negative<\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
    T15: Prostate Health Test<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    Positive<\/td>PSA level is higher than normal (4 ng\/mL)<\/td>Doctor<\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
    Negative<\/td>PSA level is in the normal range<\/td> <\/td> <\/td>Regular testing if between 50 and 75 years of family history<\/td><\/tr>
    T16: Stomach Ulcer Test<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    Positive<\/td>H. pylori<\/em> antibodies detected<\/td>Doctor<\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
    Negative<\/td>No H. pylori<\/em> antibodies detected<\/td>Doctor if symptoms persist<\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
    T17: Gluten Sensitivity Test<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    Positive<\/td>Anti-t-TG IgA type antibodies are present<\/td>Doctor<\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
    Negative<\/td>No anti-t-TG IgA type antibodies detected<\/td>Doctor if symptoms persist<\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
    T18: One step Strep A Swab test<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    Positive<\/td>May be in a stage of Strep A infection<\/td>Doctor<\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
    Negative<\/td>Concentration of Strep A antigen is zero or below detection limit (probably not infected)<\/td>Doctor if symptoms persist or experience serious complications<\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
    T19: Flowflex Influenza A\/B Rapid Test (Self-Testing)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    Positive<\/td>Influenza A or B antigen detected<\/td> <\/td> <\/td>Alternative confirmatory tests<\/td><\/tr>
    Negative<\/td>No influenza or A\/B antigen detected (does not preclude influenza or other infections)<\/td> <\/td> <\/td>Alternative confirmatory tests<\/td><\/tr>
    T20: Flowflex SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Rapid Test (Self-Testing)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    Positive<\/td>Presence of SARS-CoV-2 antigen; very likely infected with covid-19<\/td>Doctor<\/td>Follow self-isolation rules; contact local health department<\/td>PCR test<\/td><\/tr>
    Negative<\/td>Unlikely to currently have covid-19; infection may still be present (does not rule out other infections)<\/td> <\/td>Follow current rules<\/td>Repeat test after 1-2 days if infection suspected; molecular assay if necessary<\/td><\/tr>
    T21: One step test for SARS-CoV-2 Antigen (Colloidal Gold)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    Positive<\/td>Presence of SARS-CoV-2 antigen; likely to have covid-19<\/td>Doctor<\/td>Follow self-isolation rules; contact local health department<\/td>Molecular testing<\/td><\/tr>
    Negative<\/td>No SARS-CoV-2 antigen detected; unlikely to be infected with covid-19; there may still be an infection<\/td> <\/td>Follow current rules<\/td>Repeat test after 1-2 days if infection suspected or with a molecular assay<\/td><\/tr>
    T22: STEPAHEAD COVID-19 Antigen Rapid Test Kit (Swab) For Self-Testing<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    Positive<\/td>Presence of SARS-CoV-2; suspicion of covid-19 infection<\/td>Doctor<\/td>Follow self-isolation rules; contact local health department<\/td>PCR test<\/td><\/tr>
    Negative<\/td>Does not preclude SARS-CoV-2 infection; there may still be an infection<\/td>Healthcare provider if still experiencing covid-like symptoms<\/td>Follow current rules<\/td>Repeat test after 1-2 days if infection suspected<\/td><\/tr>
    T23: Microalbuminuria (MAU) Rapid Test Kit (Colloidal Gold)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    Positive<\/td>Albumin in urine is more than 20 mg\/L (does not necessarily indicate kidney injury)<\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
    Negative<\/td>Albumin in urine is less than the cutoff value<\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
    T24: TSH Rapid Test Cassette<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    Positive<\/td>TSH level is higher than normal (5 \u03bcIU\/mL) (indicates an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism))<\/td>Physician; repeatedly abnormal results discussed with doctor<\/td> <\/td>Further tests decided by physician; quantitative laboratory TSH assay<\/td><\/tr>
    Negative<\/td>TSH below 5 \u03bcIU\/mL within normal range (not in range to consider hypothyroidism; hyperthyroidism cannot be excluded)<\/td>Physician if symptoms persist<\/td> <\/td>Quantitative laboratory TSH assay<\/td><\/tr>
    T25: Ferritin Rapid Test Cassette<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    Positive<\/td>Ferritin concentration in blood is lower than 30 ng\/mL; possible iron deficiency<\/td>Physician; repeatedly abnormal results discussed with doctor<\/td> <\/td>Tests decided by physician; use a secondary analytical method<\/td><\/tr>
    Negative<\/td>Ferritin higher than 30 ng\/mL and within normal range; no potential iron deficiency<\/td>Physician if symptoms persist<\/td> <\/td>Use a secondary analytical method<\/td><\/tr>
    T26: Iron Deficiency<\/strong><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr>
    Positive<\/td>Ferritin concentration in blood is lower than 30 ng\/mL; possible iron deficiency<\/td>Physician; repeatedly abnormal results discussed with doctor<\/td> <\/td>Tests decided by physician; use a secondary analytical method<\/td><\/tr>
    Negative<\/td>Ferritin higher than 30 ng\/mL and within normal range; no potential iron deficiency<\/td>Physician if symptoms persist<\/td> <\/td>Use a secondary analytical method<\/td><\/tr>
    T27: Vitamin D Rapid Test Cassette<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    Positive<\/td>Vitamin D level is less than 30 ng\/mL (deficient or insufficient)<\/td>Physician if result is deficient, insufficient, or excess<\/td>Vitamin D supplements<\/td>Tests decided by physician; use a secondary analytical method<\/td><\/tr>
    Negative<\/td>Vitamin D level is higher than or equal to 30 ng\/mL and within normal range<\/td>Physician if symptoms persist<\/td> <\/td>Use a secondary analytical method<\/td><\/tr>
    T28: Vitamin D Test<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    Positive<\/td>Vitamin D level is less than 30 ng\/mL (deficient or insufficient)<\/td>Physician if result is deficient, insufficient, or excess<\/td>Vitamin D supplements<\/td>Tests decided by physician; use a secondary analytical method<\/td><\/tr>
    Negative<\/td>Vitamin D level is higher than or equal to 30 ng\/mL and within normal range<\/td>Physician if symptoms persist<\/td> <\/td>Secondary analytical method<\/td><\/tr>
    T29: Cholesterol Level Test<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    Positive<\/td>Cholesterol level is probably high if above 5.2 mmol\/L<\/td>Doctor<\/td>Treatment as advised by doctor<\/td>Further tests as decided by doctor<\/td><\/tr>
    Negative<\/td>Cholesterol is probably normal if level is less than 5.2 mmol\/L<\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
    T30: Blood Glucose Test<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    Positive<\/td>Below 3.9 or above 6.1 mmol\/L blood sugar level is outside the normal range<\/td>Doctor if both tests are abnormal<\/td> <\/td>Repeat test on a different day; detailed assessment by doctor<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Anti-t-TG=anti-tissue transglutaminase FOB=faecal occult blood; PMSC=progressive motile sperm cells; PCR=polymerase chain reaction; PSA=prostate specific antigen; STI=sexually transmitted infection; TSH=thyroid stimulating hormone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Conclusions<\/strong> The current market for self-tests does not support consumer informed decisions about their use, interpretation of test results, and subsequent actions. Clinicians working downstream of self-tests are likely to face important challenges in incorporating the results in practice. As the use of self-tests continues to increase, improved regulatory oversight is urgently needed to protect the public and healthcare systems from misuse.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Research Direct-to-consumer self-tests sold in the UK i […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[32,23],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28861"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=28861"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28861\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":28862,"href":"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28861\/revisions\/28862"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=28861"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=28861"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=28861"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}