\u5173\u4e8e\u901a\u8fc7\u7a7a\u6c14\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u75c5\u539f\u4f53\u7684\u62df\u8bae\u672f\u8bed\u7684\u5168\u7403\u6280\u672f\u78cb\u5546\u62a5\u544a<\/a>\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u5e7f\u6cdb\u3001\u591a\u5e74\u5408\u4f5c\u52aa\u529b\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u4e16\u536b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u4e13\u5bb6\u548c\u56db\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u516c\u5171\u536b\u751f\u673a\u6784\u5728\u672f\u8bed\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5171\u8bc6\uff1a\u975e\u6d32\u75be\u75c5\u63a7\u5236\u548c\u9884\u9632\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff1b\u4e2d\u56fd\u75be\u75c5\u9884\u9632\u63a7\u5236\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff1b\u6b27\u6d32\u75be\u75c5\u9884\u9632\u63a7\u5236\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\u7f8e\u56fd\u75be\u75c5\u9884\u9632\u63a7\u5236\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5171\u8bc6\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u516c\u5171\u536b\u751f\u673a\u6784\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u5171\u540c\u524d\u8fdb\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u627f\u8bfa\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\nThe wide-ranging consultation was conducted in multiple steps in 2021-2023 and addressed a lack of common terminology to describe the transmission of pathogens through the air across scientific disciplines. The challenge became particularly evident during the COVID-19 pandemic as experts from various sectors were required to provide scientific and policy guidance. Varying terminologies highlighted gaps in common understanding and contributed to challenges in public communication and efforts to curb the transmission of the pathogen.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u78cb\u5546\u57282021-2023\u5e74\u5206\u591a\u4e2a\u6b65\u9aa4\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u5404\u5b66\u79d1\u7f3a\u4e4f\u901a\u7528\u672f\u8bed\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u75c5\u539f\u4f53\u901a\u8fc7\u7a7a\u6c14\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5728COVID-19\u5927\u6d41\u884c\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u9700\u8981\u6765\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u63d0\u4f9b\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u653f\u7b56\u6307\u5bfc\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6311\u6218\u53d8\u5f97\u5c24\u4e3a\u660e\u663e\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u51f8\u663e\u4e86\u5728\u5171\u540c\u7406\u89e3\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5dee\u8ddd\uff0c\u5e76\u5bfc\u81f4\u5927\u4f17\u4f20\u64ad\u548c\u904f\u5236\u75c5\u539f\u4f53\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u9762\u4e34\u6311\u6218\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cTogether with a very diverse range of leading public health agencies and experts across multiple disciplines, we are pleased to have been able to address this complex and timely issue and reach a consensus,\u201d said Dr Jeremy Farrar, WHO Chief Scientist. \u201cThe agreed terminology for pathogens that transmit through the air will help set a new path for research agendas and implementation of public health interventions to identify, communicate and respond to existing and new pathogens.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u4e16\u536b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u9996\u5e2d\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6Jeremy Farrar\u535a\u58eb\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u5f88\u9ad8\u5174\u80fd\u591f\u4e0e\u5404\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u516c\u5171\u536b\u751f\u673a\u6784\u548c\u591a\u5b66\u79d1\u4e13\u5bb6\u4e00\u9053\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e00\u590d\u6742\u800c\u53ca\u65f6\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u8fbe\u6210\u5171\u8bc6\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u7a7a\u6c14\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u75c5\u539f\u4f53\u7684\u5546\u5b9a\u672f\u8bed\u5c06\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u8bae\u7a0b\u548c\u5b9e\u65bd\u516c\u5171\u536b\u751f\u5e72\u9884\u63aa\u65bd\u5f00\u8f9f\u65b0\u7684\u9053\u8def\uff0c\u4ee5\u8bc6\u522b\u3001\u4ea4\u6d41\u548c\u5e94\u5bf9\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u548c\u65b0\u7684\u75c5\u539f\u4f53\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The extensive consultation resulted in the introduction of the following common descriptors to characterize the transmission of pathogens through the air (under typical circumstances):<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5e7f\u6cdb\u78cb\u5546\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5171\u540c\u63cf\u8ff0\u8bed\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u75c5\u539f\u4f53\u901a\u8fc7\u7a7a\u6c14\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff08\u5728\u5178\u578b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Individuals infected with a respiratory pathogen can generate and expel infectious particles containing the pathogen, through their mouth or nose by breathing, talking, singing, spitting, coughing or sneezing. These particles should be\u00a0described with the term \u2018infectious respiratory particles\u2019 or IRPs.IRPs exist on a continuous spectrum of sizes, and no single cut off points should be applied to distinguish smaller\u00a0from larger particles. This facilitates moving away from the dichotomy of previously used terms: \u2018aerosols\u2019 (generally smaller particles) and \u2018droplets\u2019 (generally larger particles).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u611f\u67d3\u547c\u5438\u9053\u75c5\u539f\u4f53\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u547c\u5438\u3001\u8bf4\u8bdd\u3001\u5531\u6b4c\u3001\u5410\u75f0\u3001\u54b3\u55fd\u6216\u6253\u55b7\u568f\u901a\u8fc7\u53e3\u6216\u9f3b\u4ea7\u751f\u548c\u6392\u51fa\u542b\u6709\u75c5\u539f\u4f53\u7684\u4f20\u67d3\u6027\u9897\u7c92\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9897\u7c92\u5e94\u8be5\u7528\u672f\u8bed\u201c\u611f\u67d3\u6027\u547c\u5438\u9053\u9897\u7c92\u201d\u6216IRP\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002IRP\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u5c3a\u5bf8\u8303\u56f4\u5185\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e94\u4f7f\u7528\u5355\u4e00\u7684\u5206\u754c\u70b9\u6765\u533a\u5206\u8f83\u5c0f\u548c\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u9897\u7c92\u3002\u8fd9\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u6446\u8131\u4ee5\u524d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u7684\u4e8c\u5206\u6cd5\uff1a\u201c\u6c14\u6eb6\u80f6\u201d\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u8f83\u5c0f\u7684\u9897\u7c92\uff09\u548c\u201c\u6db2\u6ef4\u201d\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u9897\u7c92\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The descriptor \u2018through the air\u2019 can be used in a general way to characterize an infectious disease where the main mode of transmission involves the pathogen travelling through the air or being suspended in the air. Under the umbrella of \u2018through the air transmission\u2019, two descriptors can be used:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201c\u901a\u8fc7\u7a7a\u6c14\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u63cf\u8ff0\u8bed\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u6982\u8ff0\u4e00\u79cd\u4f20\u67d3\u75c5\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u4f20\u64ad\u65b9\u5f0f\u6d89\u53ca\u75c5\u539f\u4f53\u901a\u8fc7\u7a7a\u6c14\u4f20\u64ad\u6216\u60ac\u6d6e\u5728\u7a7a\u6c14\u4e2d\u3002\u5728\u201c\u901a\u8fc7\u7a7a\u6c14\u4f20\u8f93\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u7b3c\u7edf\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u4e0b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4e24\u79cd\u63cf\u8ff0\u8bed\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1. Airborne transmission or inhalation,\u00a0<\/strong>for cases when IRPs are expelled into the air and inhaled by another person. Airborne transmission or inhalation can occur at a short or long distance from the infectious person and distance depends on various factors (airflow, humidity, temperature, ventilation etc). IRPs can theoretically enter the body at any point along the human respiratory tract, but preferred sites of entry may be pathogen-specific.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u7a7a\u6c14\u4f20\u64ad\u6216\u5438\u5165\uff0c<\/strong>\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5c06IRP\u6392\u51fa\u5230\u7a7a\u6c14\u4e2d\u5e76\u88ab\u4ed6\u4eba\u5438\u5165\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u7a7a\u6c14\u4f20\u64ad\u6216\u5438\u5165\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u8ddd\u79bb\u611f\u67d3\u8005\u6216\u8fd1\u6216\u8fdc\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u8ddd\u79bb\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5404\u79cd\u56e0\u7d20(\u6c14\u6d41\uff0c\u6e7f\u5ea6\uff0c\u6e29\u5ea6\uff0c\u901a\u98ce\u7b49)\u3002\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\uff0cIRP\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4eba\u4f53\u547c\u5438\u9053\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4f4d\u7f6e\u8fdb\u5165\u4eba\u4f53\uff0c\u4f46\u9996\u9009\u7684\u8fdb\u5165\u90e8\u4f4d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u75c5\u539f\u4f53\u7279\u5f02\u6027\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n2. Direct deposition,\u00a0<\/strong>for cases when IRPs are expelled into the air from an infectious person, and are then directly deposited on the exposed mouth, nose or eyes of another person nearby, then entering the human respiratory system and potentially causing infection.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u76f4\u63a5\u6c89\u79ef\uff0c<\/strong>\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u611f\u67d3\u8005\u5c06IRP\u6392\u5165\u7a7a\u6c14\u4e2d\uff0c\u7136\u540eIRP\u76f4\u63a5\u6c89\u79ef\u5728\u9644\u8fd1\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u66b4\u9732\u7684\u53e3\u3001\u9f3b\u6216\u773c\u775b\u4e0a\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8fdb\u5165\u4eba\u4f53\u547c\u5438\u7cfb\u7edf\u5e76\u53ef\u80fd\u5f15\u8d77\u611f\u67d3\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u201cThis global technical consultation process was a concerted effort of many influential and experienced experts,\u201d said Dr Gagandeep Kang, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India who is a Co-Chair of the WHO Technical Working Group. \u201cReaching consensus on these terminologies bringing stakeholders in an unprecedented way was no small feat. Completing this consultation gives us a new opportunity and starting point to move forward with a better understanding and agreed principles for diseases that transmit through the air,\u201d added Dr Yuguo Li from the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR (China), who also co-chaired the Technical Working Group.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5168\u7403\u6280\u672f\u78cb\u5546\u8fdb\u7a0b\u662f\u8bb8\u591a\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u7684\u5171\u540c\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u201d\u4e16\u536b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6280\u672f\u5de5\u4f5c\u7ec4\u8054\u5408\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u97e6\u6d1b\u5c14\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u533b\u5b66\u9662\u7684Gagandeep Kang\u535a\u58eb\u8bf4\u3002\u201c\u4ee5\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8ba9\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u5173\u8005\u5c31\u8fd9\u4e9b\u672f\u8bed\u8fbe\u6210\u5171\u8bc6\u7edd\u975e\u6613\u4e8b\u3002\u5b8c\u6210\u8fd9\u6b21\u78cb\u5546\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u548c\u8d77\u70b9\uff0c\u4ee5\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u4e86\u89e3\u901a\u8fc7\u7a7a\u6c14\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u75be\u75c5\u5e76\u8fbe\u6210\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u201d\uff08\u4e2d\u56fd\uff09\u9999\u6e2f\u7279\u522b\u884c\u653f\u533a\u9999\u6e2f\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u674e\u7389\u56fd\u535a\u58eb\u8865\u5145\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u662f\u6280\u672f\u5de5\u4f5c\u7ec4\u7684\u5171\u540c\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
This consultation was the first phase of global scientific discussions led by WHO. Next steps include further technical and multidisciplinary research and exploration of the wider implementation implications of the updated descriptors.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u8fd9\u6b21\u78cb\u5546\u662f\u4e16\u536b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u5168\u7403\u79d1\u5b66\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4\u5305\u62ec\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5f00\u5c55\u6280\u672f\u548c\u591a\u5b66\u79d1\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5e76\u63a2\u8ba8\u66f4\u65b0\u540e\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u8bed\u5728\u5b9e\u65bd\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Leading health agencies outline updated terminology for […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[25,23],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26029"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=26029"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26029\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":26030,"href":"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26029\/revisions\/26030"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=26029"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=26029"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=26029"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}