{"id":19771,"date":"2021-02-02T05:44:00","date_gmt":"2021-02-01T21:44:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/?p=19771"},"modified":"2021-02-05T14:38:43","modified_gmt":"2021-02-05T06:38:43","slug":"%e9%99%88%e5%be%b7%e6%98%8c%e6%95%99%e6%8e%88%ef%bc%9asemmelweis-%e6%82%b2%e5%a3%ae%e7%9a%84%e4%b8%80%e7%94%9f","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/?p=19771","title":{"rendered":"[\u9648\u5fb7\u660c\u6559\u6388\u64b0\u6587]\uff1aSemmelweis \u60b2\u58ee\u7684\u4e00\u751f"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>2019\u5e742\u670818\u65e5\u521d\u7a3f\uff1b2021\u5e741\u670826\u65e5\u7ec8\u7a3f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u73b0\u4ee3\u5916\u79d1\u533b\u5e08\u8fdb\u5165\u624b\u672f\u5ba4\u5fc5\u987b\u9075\u5faa\u4e00\u5957\u6d88\u6bd2\u9694\u79bb\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u53e4\u4ee3\u5916\u79d1\u533b\u5e08\u7cfb\u4e0a\u4e00\u6761\u56f4\u88d9\uff0c\u4e0d\u6234\u5e3d\u5b50\uff0c\u4e0d\u6234\u53e3\u7f69\uff0c\u4e0d\u6d17\u624b\uff0c\u62ff\u8d77\u624b\u672f\u5200\u5c31\u5728\u75c5\u4eba\u8eab\u4e0a\u5207\u5272\uff0c\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u624b\u672f\u540e\u5207\u53e3\u611f\u67d3\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5316\u8113\u662f\u5207\u53e3\u6108\u5408\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u533b\u5b66\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u603b\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u53db\u9006\u8005\u5148\u540e\u7ad9\u51fa\u6765\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4e0d\u201d\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u8981\u8bb2\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u6545\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/\u56fe\u7247-1.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/\u56fe\u7247-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-19772\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6b27\u6d32\u53e4\u4ee3\u5916\u79d1\u533b\u5e08\u5b66\u505a\u624b\u672f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1818\u5e74\uff0cIgnaz Philipp Semmelweis\u5728\u5308\u7259\u5229\u8bde\u751f\u30021844\u5e74\u4ed6\u4ece\u5965\u5730\u5229\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u5927\u5b66\u533b\u5b66\u9662\u6bd5\u4e1a\uff0c\u8fdb\u5165\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u533b\u9662\uff0c\u5373\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ea7\u79d1\u533b\u9662\u3002\u4ed6\u7ee7\u7eed\u653b\u8bfb\u4ea7\u79d1\u4e13\u4e1a\uff0c\u83b7\u7855\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u30021845\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u83b7\u5f97\u5916\u79d1\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/\u56fe\u7247-1-1.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/\u56fe\u7247-1-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-19773\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Semmelweis&nbsp;\uff081818-1865\uff09&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1846\u5e74\uff0c&nbsp;Semmelweis&nbsp;\u6210\u4e3a\u5965\u5730\u5229\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u603b\u533b\u9662\u4ea7\u79d1\u6559\u6388\u7684\u52a9\u624b\u3002\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\u4ea7\u5987\u5206\u5a29\u540e\u4ea7\u8925\u70ed\u53d1\u75c5\u7387\u9ad8\uff0c\u5168\u5e74\u75c5\u6b7b\u7387\u9ad8\u8fbe11.4%\u3002\u5c31\u6bd4\u8f83\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5728\u5bb6\u5206\u5a29\u7684\u4ea7\u5987\u5374\u6b7b\u7684\u5c11\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u731c\u6d4b\u662f\u75c5\u623f\u91cc\u201c\u90aa\u6bd2\u4e4b\u6c14\u201d\uff08miasmas\uff09\u5728\u4f5c\u795f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Semmelweis\u770b\u5230\u90a3\u4e9b\u4ea7\u5987\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ea7\u8925\u70ed\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u6b7b\u53bb\u3002\u4ed6\u8d39\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u53bb\u505a\u5c38\u4f53\u89e3\u5256\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u663e\u793a\u6b7b\u8005\u6709\u7740\u5171\u540c\u7684\u75c5\u7406\u5b66\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u89c9\u5bdf\u5230\u4ea7\u79d1\u533b\u5e08\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u533b\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u4eec\uff0c\u5728\u6e05\u6668\u5148\u53bb\u5c38\u4f53\u89e3\u5256\u5ba4\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u76f4\u63a5\u8fdb\u5165\u4ea7\u79d1\u75c5\u623f\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e34\u4ea7\u524d\u6216\u5206\u5a29\u540e\u7684\u75c5\u4eba\u505a\u5e38\u89c4\u68c0\u67e5\u3002\u4e34\u5e8a\u5b9e\u8df5\u63d0\u793a\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4ea7\u79d1\u533b\u5e08\u548c\u5b66\u751f\u4eec\u90fd\u4e0d\u6d17\u624b\uff0c\u628a\u5c38\u4f53\u8150\u8d25\u7269\u8d28\uff0c\u5373\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u5c38\u4f53\u6bd2\u7d20\u201d\uff08cadaveric poisoning\uff09\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u4f20\u7ed9\u4ea7\u79d1\u75c5\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6000\u7591\u4ea7\u79d1\u533b\u5e08\u662f\u4ea7\u8925\u70ed\u7684\u59cb\u4f5c\u4f63\u8005\uff0cSemmelweis\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6fc0\u60f9\u4e86\u4ea7\u79d1\u540c\u4e8b\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u7684\u4e0a\u7ea7Klein\u6559\u6388\u3002\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\u540e\u4ed6\u88ab\u964d\u804c\u30021847\u5e74\u4ed6\u6062\u590d\u539f\u804c\uff0c\u518d\u6b21\u9762\u5bf9\u4ee4\u4ed6\u56f0\u60d1\u7684\u96be\u9898\u3002Semmelweis\u5206\u6790\u5404\u9879\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u4e0b\u51b3\u5fc3\u628a\u4ed6\u7684\u8bbe\u60f3\u4ed8\u8bf8\u5b9e\u8df5\u30021847\u5e74<strong>\uff0c<\/strong>\u4ed6\u8981\u6c42\u6bcf\u4f4d\u533b\u5e08\u548c\u533b\u5b66\u9662\u5b66\u751f\u4ece\u5c38\u4f53\u89e3\u5256\u5ba4\u51fa\u6765\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u68c0\u67e5\u4ea7\u79d1\u75c5\u4eba\u524d\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u7528\u80a5\u7682\u548c\u6c2f\u5316\u6db2\u628a\u624b\u6d17\u5e72\u51c0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/\u56fe\u7247-1-2.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/\u56fe\u7247-1-2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-19774\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fd9\u9879\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u6548\u679c\u663e\u8457\u3002\u540c\u5e744\u6708\u75c5\u533a\u5185\u4ea7\u5987\u75c5\u6b7b\u7387\u4e3a18%\u3002\u52306\u6708\uff0c\u75c5\u6b7b\u7387\u964d\u81f32.38%\u30027\u6708\uff0c\u75c5\u6b7b\u7387\u4e3a1.2%\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/\u56fe\u7247-1-3.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/\u56fe\u7247-1-3.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-19775\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ea7\u79d1\u533b\u96621847\u5e74\u91c7\u7528\u6c2f\u5316\u6db2\u6d17\u624b\u672f\u540e\uff0c\u75c5\u6b7b\u7387\u660e\u663e\u4e0b\u964d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u661f\u671f\uff0c\u75c5\u533a\u518512\u4f4d\u4ea7\u5987\u4e2d\u670911\u4f4d\u6b7b\u53bb\u3002\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u533b\u5b66\u754c\u53cd\u5bf9Semmelweis\u8005\u7fa4\u8d77\u800c\u653b\u4e4b\u3002\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u7684\u9886\u8896\u4eba\u7269\u6b63\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u4e0a\u7ea7Klein\u6559\u6388\u30021849\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u88ab\u89e3\u9664\u804c\u52a1\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u7ee7\u4efb\u8005\u91c7\u7528\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u8001\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ea7\u79d1\u533b\u9662\u4ea7\u8925\u70ed\u7684\u75c5\u6b7b\u7387\u9042\u5373\u56de\u5347\u3002\u4ed6\u65e0\u6cd5\u5fcd\u53d7\u8fd9\u7b49\u7f9e\u8fb1\u30021850\u5e74\u8fd4\u56de\u5e03\u8fbe\u4f69\u65af\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1851\u5e74\uff0c\u5e03\u8fbe\u5e02St. Rokus Hospital&nbsp;\u8058\u8bf7\u4ed6\u4efb\u4ea7\u79d1\u540d\u8a89\u8d44\u6df1\u533b\u5e08\u3002\u5de5\u4f5c\u6761\u4ef6\u5f88\u5dee\u3002\u4ed6\u4f9d\u7136\u63a8\u884c\u6d17\u624b\u7684\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u4ea7\u8925\u70ed\u7684\u75c5\u6b7b\u7387\u540c\u6837\u4e0b\u964d\u30021855\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u4e3a\u5308\u7259\u5229Pest\u5927\u5b66\u4ea7\u79d1\u6559\u6388\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1848\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u7687\u5bb6\u5185\u79d1\u548c\u5916\u79d1\u5b66\u4f1a\u4e0a\uff0c\u53d1\u8868\u5b66\u672f\u6f14\u8bb2\uff0c\u5ba3\u4f20\u8001\u5e08\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u3002\u5168\u6587\u520a\u767b\u5728Lancet\u6742\u5fd7\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u4e3b\u7f16\u7684\u8d5e\u626c\u3002\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u6742\u5fd7\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u5f88\u5feb\u906d\u5230\u53cd\u51fb\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u5b66\u8005<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_Young_Simpson\">James Young Simpson<\/a>\u00a0\u8ba4\u4e3a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes,_Sr.\">Oliver Wendell Holmes<\/a>\u65e9\u57281843\u5e74\u5df2\u7ecf\u63d0\u51fa\u4ea7\u8925\u70ed\u5177\u6709\u4f20\u67d3\u6027\u3002Semmelweis\u6240\u8a00\u6beb\u65e0\u65b0\u610f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1861\u5e74\uff0cSemmelweis\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u672c\u4e13\u8457\u300a\u4ea7\u8925\u70ed\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3001\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u9884\u9632\u300b\u30021862-1863\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u591a\u6b21\u53d1\u8868\u516c\u5f00\u4fe1\uff0c\u6279\u8bc4\u6b27\u6d32\u4ea7\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u4eba\u58eb\u4e27\u5931\u533b\u8005\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\uff0c\u8a00\u8f9e\u5c16\u523b\u3002\u4ed6\u6124\u6012\u6307\u8d23\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u201c\u6740\u4eba\u72af\u201d\u3002\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u5bf9\u4ed6\u65bd\u52a0\u4e25\u5389\u7684\u8206\u8bba\u538b\u529b\u3002Semmelweis\u88ab\u8fb9\u7f18\u5316\uff0c\u5f88\u5feb\u53d8\u5f97\u8870\u8001\u3002\u4ed6\u4e00\u53cd\u5e38\u6001\uff0c\u9157\u9152\uff0c\u6613\u6012\uff0c\u72c2\u8e81\u30021865\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u59bb\u5b50\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u540c\u4e8b\u4eec\u628a\u4ed6\u9001\u8fdb\u7cbe\u795e\u75c5\u533b\u9662\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u884c\u4e3a\u96be\u4ee5\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u88ab\u75c5\u623f\u770b\u5b88\u4eba\u5458\u6bb4\u6253\u300214\u5929\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u60b2\u6124\u4e2d\u542b\u51a4\u6b7b\u53bb\uff0c\u65f6\u5e7447\u5c81\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/\u56fe\u7247-1-4.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/\u56fe\u7247-1-4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-19776\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Semmelweis\u7684\u5168\u8eab\u96d5\u50cf<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Semmelweis\u4ece\u4e34\u5e8a\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u8bbe\u60f3\u548c\u6539\u9769\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u964d\u4f4e\u4ea7\u8925\u70ed\u75c5\u4eba\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u3002\u4ed6\u53cd\u5bf9\u6559\u6761\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4e0d\u987e\u67d0\u4e9b\u6743\u5a01\u4eba\u58eb\u7684\u6076\u610f\u4e2d\u4f24\uff0c\u575a\u6301\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u727a\u7272\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u547d\u3002\u4ed6\u53bb\u4e16\u82e5\u5e72\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u66fe\u7ecf\u53cd\u5bf9\u4ed6\u7684\u4ea7\u79d1\u533b\u5e08\u4eec\u7ec8\u4e8e\u80af\u5b9a\u4ed6\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u548c\u539f\u5219\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Semmelweis\u662f\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u533b\u5b66\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u59cb\u7ec8\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u5f53\u4ee3\u4ea7\u79d1\u533b\u5b66\u754c\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u4ed6\u6700\u540e\u88ab\u5173\u8fdb\u7cbe\u795e\u75c5\u9662\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u7ed3\u675f\u4e86\u4ed6\u60b2\u58ee\u7684\u4e00\u751f\u3002\u6211\u4e0d\u7981\u81ea\u95ee\uff1a\u201c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u91cd\u6e29\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u6709\u51e0\u5219\u6545\u4e8b\u5f15\u8d77\u6211\u7684\u5173\u6ce8 \uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. 1847\u5e74<strong>\uff0c<\/strong>Semmelweis\u8981\u6c42\u6bcf\u4f4d\u533b\u5e08\u5728\u68c0\u67e5\u4ea7\u79d1\u75c5\u4eba\u524d\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u6d17\u624b\uff0c\u53d6\u5f97\u663e\u8457\u6548\u679c\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u661f\u671f\uff0c\u75c5\u533a\u518512\u4f4d\u4ea7\u5987\u4e2d\uff0c\u7adf\u670911\u4f4d\u6b7b\u53bb\u3002\u5f53\u5e74\u533b\u5e08\u4eec\u590d\u67e5\u5168\u90e8\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u75c5\u623f\u5185\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\u5b50\u5bab\u764c\u75c5\u4eba\uff0c\u6392\u6cc4\u5f88\u591a\u6c61\u7269\u3002\u867d\u7136\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u8fdb\u5165\u4ea7\u79d1\u75c5\u623f\u524d\u8ba4\u771f\u6d17\u624b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u68c0\u67e5\u6bcf\u4f4d\u75c5\u4eba\u540e\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u518d\u6b21\u6d17\u624b\uff0c\u5c31\u76f4\u63a5\u53bb\u68c0\u67e5\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u75c5\u4eba\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u628a\u5b50\u5bab\u764c\u75c5\u4eba\u6392\u6cc4\u7684\u6c61\u7269\u6cbe\u67d3\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u4ea7\u5987\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Semmelweis\u00a0\u66fe\u7ecf\u5728\u75c5\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6Carl von\u00a0\u00a0Rokitansky\u6307\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff0c\u5bf9\u6b7b\u4e8e\u5987\u79d1\u6216\u4ea7\u79d1\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u5987\u5973\u8fdb\u884c\u8fc7\u591a\u6b21\u5c38\u4f53\u89e3\u5256\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5168\u795e\u8d2f\u6ce8\u5c38\u4f53\u4e0e\u4ea7\u5987\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4f20\u67d3\uff0c\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u5987\u79d1\u75c5\u4eba\u4e0e\u4ea7\u5987\u4e4b\u95f4\u4f20\u67d3\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. \u65e9\u57281674\u5e74<strong>\uff0c<\/strong>\u8377\u5170\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u5b89\u4e1c\u5c3c\u00b7\u5217\u6587\u864e\u514b\uff08Antoni van Leeuwenhoek<strong>\uff09<\/strong>\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u53f0\u5149\u5b66\u663e\u5fae\u955c\uff0c1675\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u9996\u5148\u5728\u76db\u653e\u96e8\u6c34\u7684\u7f50\u5b50\u91cc\u53d1\u73b0\u5355\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u30021677\u5e74\u9996\u6b21\u53d1\u73b0\u4eba\u4ee5\u53ca\u72d7\u548c\u5154\u5b50\u7684\u7cbe\u5b50\u30021684\u5e74\u4ed6\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u770b\u89c1\u5e76\u63cf\u8ff0\u7ea2\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u65f6\u9694200\u5e74\uff0c1847\u5e74Semmelweis\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u5c38\u4f53\u6bd2\u7d20\u201d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u81f4\u75c5\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u5c38\u4f53\u6bd2\u7d20\u201d\u7a76\u7ade\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u4ed6\u672c\u4eba\u5e76\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\uff0c1861\u5e74\u4ed6\u5728\u4e13\u8457\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u201c\u4ea7\u8925\u70ed\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u201d\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5047\u8bbe\u3002\u4ed6\u4f3c\u624b\u6ca1\u6709\u9605\u8bfb\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u53ea\u5b57\u672a\u63d0\u5217\u6587\u864e\u514b1675\u5e74\u9996\u521b\u4e4b\u4e3e\u3002\u4ed6\u6ca1\u6709\u5229\u7528\u663e\u5fae\u955c\uff0c\u5bf9\u81f4\u75c5\u539f\u4f5c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u68c0\u67e5\u3002\u4ed6\u89c4\u5b9a\u4ea7\u79d1\u533b\u5e08\u6d17\u624b\u7684\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u59cb\u7ec8\u505c\u6ede\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u533b\u5b66\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. \u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\uff0c1822\u5e74\uff0c\u8def\u6613.\u5df4\u65af\u5fb7 \uff08Louis Pasteur\uff09\u8bde\u751f\u3002\u4ed6\u4e00\u751f\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u591a\u9879\u63a2\u7d22\u6027\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u9175\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u9175\u6bcd\u83cc\u3001\u4e73\u9178\u83cc\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c0f\u4e1c\u897f\u662f\u4ece\u54ea\u91cc\u6765\u7684\uff1f\u6309\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u4f20\u8bf4\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u751f\u547d\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u3002\u53e4\u4ee3\u7684\u4f20\u8bf4\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u95ee\u9898\uff1f\u4ed6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u60f3\u7740\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u7740\u624b\u79d1\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/\u56fe\u7247-1-5.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/csccm.org.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/\u56fe\u7247-1-5.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-19777\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4ed6\u53d6\u51fa\u4e8c\u79cd\u74f6\u5b50\uff08\u66f2\u9888\u74f6\u548c\u76f4\u9888\u74f6\uff09\uff0c\u91cc\u9762\u653e\u7740\u8089\u6c41\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u7528\u706b\u52a0\u70ed\uff0c\u5c06\u8089\u6c41\u53ca\u74f6\u5b50\u6740\u83cc\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u653e\u5728\u66f2\u9888\u74f6\u91cc\u716e\u8fc7\u7684\u8089\u6c41\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4e0d\u518d\u548c\u7a7a\u6c14\u4e2d\u7684\u7ec6\u83cc\u63a5\u89e6\uff0c\u8089\u6c41\u7ecf\u8fc74\u5e74\uff0c\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u8150\u8d25\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u653e\u5728\u76f4\u9888\u74f6\u7684\u8089\u6c41\uff0c\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u53d8\u574f\u4e86\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u7ec6\u83cc\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1857\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u201c\u5173\u4e8e\u4e73\u9178\u53d1\u9175\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u201d\u662f\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u754c\u516c\u8ba4\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u8bba\u6587\u30021859\u5e74\uff0c\u4ee5\u201c\u66f2\u9888\u74f6\u201d\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e3a\u4f9d\u636e\uff0c\u201c\u81ea\u7136\u53d1\u751f\u8bba\u201d\u88ab\u5df4\u65af\u5fb7\u5426\u5b9a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u624d\u77e5\u9053\u4f24\u53e3\u7684\u8150\u70c2\u548c\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u4f20\u67d3\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u7ec6\u83cc\u5728\u4f5c\u602a\u3002\u4e0d\u8bba\u4f20\u67d3\u75c5\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5176\u4ed6\u75be\u75c5\u90fd\u662f\u7ec6\u83cc\u5728\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u5185\u9020\u6210\u7684\u540e\u679c\u3002\u6d88\u6bd2\u706d\u83cc\u6280\u672f\u4e0e\u9884\u9632\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ece\u6b64\u5728\u533b\u5b66\u754c\u76db\u884c\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5df4\u65af\u5fb7\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u75c5\u83cc\u7684\u6700\u65e9\u53d1\u73b0\u8005\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c1957\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u901a\u8fc7\u79d1\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u75c5\u83cc\u8bba\u3002\u4ed6\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u75c5\u83cc\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d8\u6210\u9632\u75c5\u7684\u75ab\u82d7\u30021880\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u5df4\u65af\u5fb7\u6210\u529f\u5730\u7814\u5236\u51fa\u9e21\u970d\u4e71\u75ab\u82d7\u3001\u72c2\u72ac\u75c5\u75ab\u82d7\u7b49\u591a\u79cd\u75ab\u82d7\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53d1\u5c55\u75ab\u82d7\u63a5\u79cd\u4ee5\u9884\u9632\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u7ec6\u83cc\u5b66\u548c\u514d\u75ab\u6cd5\u5bf9\u533b\u5b66\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u53d8\u9769\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5df4\u65af\u5fb7\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u8d21\u732e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0cSemmelweis\u6ca1\u6709\u505a\u79d1\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002\u4ed6\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e34\u5e8a\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5047\u8bbe\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u627e\u5230\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u4f9d\u636e\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u9769\u65b0\u65b9\u6848\u662f\u5b9e\u9a8c\u533b\u5b66\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u5347\u5230\u7406\u8bba\u6c34\u5e73\u3002Semmelweis\u6ca1\u6709\u770b\u5230\u5916\u79d1\u5b66\u65b0\u7eaa\u5143\u5df2\u7ecf\u5230\u6765\u3002\u7f3a\u4e4f\u79d1\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662fSemmelweis\u7684\u60b2\u5267\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 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